Rutin extraction from the leaf of female carica papaya Linn. using microwave and ultrasound assisted extractive methods / Chew See Khai

Chew , See Khai (2023) Rutin extraction from the leaf of female carica papaya Linn. using microwave and ultrasound assisted extractive methods / Chew See Khai. Masters thesis, Universiti Malaya.

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Abstract

Active compounds obtained from medicinal plants are gaining popularity due to its natural nature with fewer side effects. Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is one of the most well-liked active compounds that can be found in medicinal plant. However, studies have reported that the content of active compounds can be affected by the genders of plant, growing environment, soil nutrients, and weather. In Malaysia, Carica papaya Linn or commonly known as papaya plant is widely grown for its nutritional value. Favouritism towards hermaphrodite papaya plant has limited the knowledge on the biology of papaya plant. Female papaya plant that was eliminated as soon as the gender being identified have also led to difficulty in conducting relevant research and is a form of waste of natural resources. Individual Microwave Assisted Extractive (MAE) method and Ultrasound Assisted Extractive (UAE) method were used to determine the rutin content in female papaya leaf. The performance of sequential combination of MUAE and UMAE approaches were also observed and compared with individual MAE and UAE techniques. Yields of rutin extracted from female papaya leaf using individual MAE and UAE and sequential MUAE and UMAE are in the following order from highest rutin yield to the lowest rutin yield, MUAE (18.46 ± 0.64 mg/g) > UMAE (18.43 ± 0.81 mg/g) > UAE (16.73 ± 2.84 mg/g) > MAE (5.67 ± 0.16 mg/g). S/L ratio was found to have the most significant effect on rutin yield from female papaya leaf using different extraction methods. Its significant effect in either linear term, square term, and interactive term was noted in every extraction technique in this study. High S/L ratio in extraction system was determined to be favorable by providing sufficient contact between plant sample and extraction solvent. Extraction time was noticed to have the least significant effect towards yield of rutin where its significant effect was only observed in the MUAE approach. In MUAE, high rutin yield was observed at short sonication time with large plant sample and again at long sonication time with small sample particle. In addition to extraction yield, the rate of extraction, energy consumption, yield-to-energy (YER) ratio and yield-to-resource ratio (YRR) were studied to determine the extraction efficiencies of the extractive methods. UAE was determined to have the highest extraction rate at 50.2 mg/g·h and the highest YER at 82.3 mg/(g·W·h). MUAE was observed to consume the highest amount of energy (381.8 W·h) despite producing the highest optimized yield; hence, having the lowest YER and YRR. MAE was determined to have the highest YRR (21.5 mg/[g leaf·g solvent·W·h]) due to having the shortest extraction time. UAE was determined to be the more suitable extraction method of rutin from female papaya leaf. Optimum UAE parameters was observed at 20 min sonication time, 20 % ethanol mixture concentration, 710 μm particle size, and 1:650 wt/wt solid-liquid ratio. This study advances our understanding on the extractability of rutin from the female papaya plant while providing a novel extraction efficiencies determination method using YER and YRR to provide a better overview of the conversion of energy utilization and resource utilization for the four extractive methods.

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