Wind mapping of Malaysia using ward’s method of clustering and the effect study to lattice structure / Muhamad Amar Azhar

Muhamad Amar , Azhar (2024) Wind mapping of Malaysia using ward’s method of clustering and the effect study to lattice structure / Muhamad Amar Azhar. PhD thesis, Universiti Malaya.

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Abstract

Malaysian media have highlighted the event of strong wind that occurs in multiple locations in Malaysia. The damage caused by this strong wind has been tremendously costly to the nation. Malaysian Standard, Code of Practice on Wind Loading for Building Structure (MS 1553, 2002), was developed in 2002 to predict the highest wind loading in Malaysia. However, the Code only separates coastal and mainland by using the mean wind speed. Moreover, due to two monsoons affecting the country, predicting a higher wind speed period is challenging. However, with the help of the Malaysian Metrological Department (MET), the collection of the highest wind data was available to be studied for both Semenanjung Malaysia and Borneo region. Based on the maximum monthly wind speed capture by 42 MET Station, 30 years of yearly maximum wind speed trend can be developed to predict the maximum speed in a particular region. Furthermore, due to the large area of Malaysia, including the Borneo region, clustering of these trends can further develop a map with a similar maximum speed wind trend. Based on the Malaysian Standard for wind loading, the Basic Wind Speed (Vs) was based on the basic wind speed of Semenanjung Malaysia. However, the basic wind speed cannot be expressed as the maximum wind action towards structures. Therefore, this study suggests with the new mapping produced, Vs shall be taken as the maximum wind speed with regards to the new map. The wind speed analysis is then further tested to the three types of lattice structures where the study focuses on the displacement and highest stress within the structure. This was achieved by using the 95% confidence interval method to find the mean of the monthly maximum wind speed. The trend of the maximum wind speed was produced for 30 years where overall finding shows that the highest wind speed trend started from July until September, and the slowest time of the year is between January and February. The mean maximum wind trend was further analysed by clustering method according to two main locations of Malaysia, Semenanjung and Borneo. The analysis found that the area can be clustered into two main groups. The Semenanjung clustering shows that Semenanjung can be divided into two groups. The first group started from Perlis and ended at Selangor. The second cluster started at Kelantan and ended in Johor. The Borneo clustering shows that the coastal area of Sabah and Sarawak can be divided with the inland. Therefore, the study proposed to use Vs according to the highest wind speed in the group. The structure analysis also shows a significant increase in deflection of the structure. The shear analysis also indicates that the most affected member was at the 1st segment of the structure. The result of this research shows that there is a significant effect of not adopting the latest highest wind speed during the design. The design parameters used in the Malaysian Standard are based on the 80’s – 90’s weather conditions. Therefore, there is a need to update the wind map to minimize the damage due to wind action.

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